Home
Issues
Aims and Scope
Open Access
Editorial Board
Indexing
Why publish with us
Contact us
Instructions to authors (PDF)
Manuscript Types
Manuscript Formatting
How to submit
Preprints
Special Publications & Reprints
Authorship & COI
Principles of Transparency Checklist
Data Policies
Publication Ethics and Publication Malpractice Statement
RESEARCH PAPER
Development of a scale assessing Beliefs About ThirdHand Smoke (BATHS)
1
Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, USA
2
Center for Behavioral Epidemiology and Community Health, Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, USA
Submission date: 2016-10-08
Acceptance date: 2017-01-06
Publication date: 2017-01-17
Corresponding author
Regine Haardörfer
Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
Tob. Induc. Dis. 2017;15(January):4
KEYWORDS
ABSTRACT
Background:
Similarly to secondhand smoke (SHS), thirdhand smoke (THS) beliefs may be correlated with smoking behaviors and smokefree policies in the home. Thus, there is a need to develop and validate measures to assess beliefs about THS.
Methods:
A list of 19 items related to THS were generated by an expert panel and tested in a pilot study. Based on results from an exploratory factor analysis, two factors emerged: THS persistence in the environment and THS impact on health. The scale was reduced to nine items, which showed no differential item functioning by smoking status or smoking ban status in the home. The nine items and the two factor structure were tested in a validation sample from a smoke-free homes intervention that included THS educational materials.
Results:
The 9-item scale showed excellent internal consistency. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated good model fit for the two factor solution in a low-income population. Tests of construct validity indicated differences due to exposure to the smoke-free homes intervention, by smoking status, whether participants own or rent their home, and smoking ban status in the home.
Conclusions:
The BATHS scale offers researchers a valid and reliable tool to assess THS beliefs.
Similarly to secondhand smoke (SHS), thirdhand smoke (THS) beliefs may be correlated with smoking behaviors and smokefree policies in the home. Thus, there is a need to develop and validate measures to assess beliefs about THS.
Methods:
A list of 19 items related to THS were generated by an expert panel and tested in a pilot study. Based on results from an exploratory factor analysis, two factors emerged: THS persistence in the environment and THS impact on health. The scale was reduced to nine items, which showed no differential item functioning by smoking status or smoking ban status in the home. The nine items and the two factor structure were tested in a validation sample from a smoke-free homes intervention that included THS educational materials.
Results:
The 9-item scale showed excellent internal consistency. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated good model fit for the two factor solution in a low-income population. Tests of construct validity indicated differences due to exposure to the smoke-free homes intervention, by smoking status, whether participants own or rent their home, and smoking ban status in the home.
Conclusions:
The BATHS scale offers researchers a valid and reliable tool to assess THS beliefs.
REFERENCES (34)
1.
Karim ZA, Alshbool FZ, Vemana HP, et al. Third-hand smoke. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2015;66:177–82. doi:10.1097/fjc.0000000000000260.
3.
Becquemin MH, Bertholon JF, Bentayeb M, et al. Third-hand smoking: indoor measurements of concentration and sizes of cigarette smoke particles after resuspension. Tob Control. 2010;19:347–8. doi:10.1136/tc.2009.034694.
4.
Sleiman M, Gundel LA, Pankow JF, et al. Formation of carcinogens indoors by surface-mediated reactions of nicotine with nitrous acid, leading to potential thirdhand smoke hazards. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2010;107:6576–81. doi:10.1073/pnas.0912820107.
5.
Sleiman M, Logue JM, Luo W, et al. Inhalable constituents of thirdhand tobacco smoke: chemical characterization and health impact considerations. Environ Sci Technol. 2014;48:13093–101. doi:10.1021/es5036333.
6.
Thomas JL, Hecht SS, Luo X, et al. Thirdhand tobacco smoke: a tobacco-specific lung carcinogen on surfaces in smokers’ homes. Nicotine Tob Res. 2013;16:26–32. doi:10.1093/ntr/ntt110.
7.
Matt GE, Quintana PJE, Zakarian JM, et al. When smokers move out and non-smokers move in: residential thirdhand smoke pollution and exposure. Tob Control. 2010;20:e1. doi:10.1136/tc.2010.037382.
8.
Dreyfuss JH. Thirdhand smoke identified as potent, enduring carcinogen. CA Cancer J Clin. 2010;60:203–4. doi:10.3322/caac.20079.
9.
Burton A. Does the smoke ever really clear? Thirdhand smoke exposure raises new concerns. Environ Health Perspect. 2011;119:a70–4. doi:10.1289/ehp.119-a70.
10.
Matt GE, Quintana PJE, Destaillats H, et al. Thirdhand tobacco smoke: emerging evidence and arguments for a multidisciplinary research agenda. Environ Health Perspect. 2011;119:1218–26. doi:10.1289/ehp.1103500.
11.
Matt G, Quintana P, Hovell M, et al. Households contaminated by environmental tobacco smoke: sources of infant exposures. Tob Control. 2004;13:29–37.
12.
Yolton K, Dietrich K, Auinger P, et al. Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and cognitive abilities among U.S. children and adolescents. Environ Health Perspect. 2004;113:98–103. doi:10.1289/ehp.7210.
13.
Rehan VK, Sakurai R, Torday JS. Thirdhand smoke: a new dimension to the effects of cigarette smoke on the developing lung. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2011;301:L1–8. doi:10.1152/ajplung.00393.2010.
14.
Whitehead TP, Metayer C, Park JS, et al. Levels of nicotine in dust from homes of smokeless tobacco users. Nicotine Tob Res. 2013;15:2045–52. doi:10.1093/ntr/ntt096.
15.
Schick S. Thirdhand smoke: here to stay. Tob Control. 2010;20:1–3. doi:10.1136/tc.2010.040279.
16.
Escoffery C, Bundy L, Carvalho M, et al. Third-hand smoke as a potential intervention message for promoting smoke-free homes in low-income communities. Health Educ Res. 2013;28:923–30. doi:10.1093/her/cyt056.
17.
Winickoff JP, Friebely J, Tanski SE, et al. Beliefs about the health effects of “thirdhand” smoke and home smoking bans. Pediatrics. 2009;123:e74–9. doi:10.1542/peds.2008-2184.
18.
Drehmer JE, Ossip DJ, Rigotti NA, et al. Pediatrician interventions and thirdhand smoke beliefs of parents. Am J Prev Med. 2012;43:533–6. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2012.07.020.
19.
Kegler MC, Bundy L, Haardörfer R, et al. A minimal intervention to promote smoke-free homes among 2-1-1 Callers: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Public Health. 2015;105:530–7.
20.
Drehmer JE, Ossip DJ, Nabi-Burza E, et al. Thirdhand smoke beliefs of parents. Pediatrics. 2014;133:e850–6. doi:10.1542/peds.2013-3392.
21.
Hovell MF, Hughes SC. The behavioral ecology of secondhand smoke exposure: A pathway to complete tobacco control. Nicotine Tob Res. 2009;11:1254-64. doi:10.1093/ntr/ntp133.
22.
Mullen P, Sava L, Bundy Ł, Haardörfer R, Hovell M, Fernández M, Monroy JA, Williams R, Kreuter M, Jobe D, Kegler M. Minimal Intervention Delivered by 2-1-1 Information and Referral Specialists Promotes Smoke-Free Homes among 2-1-1 Callers: A Texas Generalization Trial. Tob Contr. 2016;25:i10-i18. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053045.
23.
Hang B, Sarker AH, Havel C, et al. Thirdhand smoke causes DNA damage in human cells. Mutagenesis. 2013;28:381–91. doi:10.1093/mutage/get013.
24.
Schick SF, Farraro KF, Perrino C, et al. Thirdhand cigarette smoke in an experimental chamber: evidence of surface deposition of nicotine, nitrosamines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and de novo formation of NNK. Tob Control. 2013;23:152–9. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050915.
25.
Schick SF, Glantz S. Concentrations of the carcinogen 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-Pyridyl)-1-butanone in sidestream cigarette smoke increase after release into indoor air: results from unpublished tobacco industry. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. 2007;16:1547–53. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-07-0210.
26.
Van Loy MD, Nazaroff WW, Daisey JM. Nicotine as a marker for environmental tobacco smoke: implications of sorption on indoor surface materials. J Air Waste Manag Assoc. 1998;48:959–68.
27.
Van Loy MD, Riley WJ, Daisey JM, et al. Dynamic behavior of semivolatile organic compounds in indoor air. 2. nicotine and phenanthrene with carpet and wallboard. Environ Sci Technol. 2001;35:560–7. doi:10.1021/es001372a.
28.
Matt GE, Quintana PJE, Fortmann AL, et al. Thirdhand smoke and exposure in California hotels: non-smoking rooms fail to protect non-smoking hotel guests from tobacco smoke exposure. Tob Control. 2013;23:264–72. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050824.
29.
Di Iorio CK. Measurement in health behavior : methods for research and education. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass; 2005.
30.
Goodman PG, Haw S, Kabir Z, et al. Are there health benefits associated with comprehensive smoke-free laws. Int J Public Health. 2009;54:367–78. doi:10.1007/s00038-009-0089-8.
31.
Hahn EJ. Smokefree legislation. Am J Prev Med. 2010;39:S66–76. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2010.08.013.
32.
King BA, Patel R, Babb SD. Prevalence of smokefree home rules—United States, 1992–1993 and 2010–2011. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2014;63:765–9.
33.
Sheeran P, Harris PR, Epton T. Does heightening risk appraisals change people’s intentions and behavior? A meta-analysis of experimental studies. Psychol Bull. 2014;140:511–43. doi:10.1037/a0033065.
34.
Alamar BC, Glantz SA. Smoke-free ordinances increase restaurant profit and value. Contemp Econ Policy. 2004;22:520–5. doi:10.1093/cep/byh038.
CITATIONS (24):
1.
Update on thirdhand smoke: A comprehensive systematic review
Ana Díez-Izquierdo, Pia Cassanello-Peñarroya, Cristina Lidón-Moyano, Nuria Matilla-Santander, Albert Balaguer, Jose M. Martínez-Sánchez
Environmental Research
Ana Díez-Izquierdo, Pia Cassanello-Peñarroya, Cristina Lidón-Moyano, Nuria Matilla-Santander, Albert Balaguer, Jose M. Martínez-Sánchez
Environmental Research
2.
ÜÇÜNCÜ EL SİGARA DUMANI HAKKINDA FARKINDALIK ÖLÇEĞİ TÜRKÇE FORMUNUN GEÇERLİK VE GÜVENİRLİK ÇALIŞMASI
Özgür ÖNAL, Fatma EVCİL, Hande EROĞLU, Ahmet KİŞİOĞLU
SDÜ Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi
Özgür ÖNAL, Fatma EVCİL, Hande EROĞLU, Ahmet KİŞİOĞLU
SDÜ Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi
3.
Thirdhand smoke beliefs and behaviors among families of
primary school children in Shanghai
Zhilan Xie, Minzhi Chen, Zhicong Fu, Yunjiang He, Yi Tian, Xiaohong Zhang, Nannan Feng
Tobacco Induced Diseases
Zhilan Xie, Minzhi Chen, Zhicong Fu, Yunjiang He, Yi Tian, Xiaohong Zhang, Nannan Feng
Tobacco Induced Diseases
4.
Thirdhand Smoke Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behavior: Development of Reliable and Valid Self-report Measures
Rachael Record, Lydia Greiner, Heather Wipfli, Jessica Pugel, Georg Matt
Nicotine & Tobacco Research
Rachael Record, Lydia Greiner, Heather Wipfli, Jessica Pugel, Georg Matt
Nicotine & Tobacco Research
5.
Validity and reliability of Turkish version of Beliefs About Third-Hand Smoke Scale: BATHS-T
Dursun Çadirci, Nuray Terzi, Ragip Terzi, Fatma Cihan
Central European Journal of Public Health
Dursun Çadirci, Nuray Terzi, Ragip Terzi, Fatma Cihan
Central European Journal of Public Health
6.
Beliefs of parents in Kuwait about thirdhand smoke and its
relation to home smoking rules: A cross-sectional study
Kawthar Shehab, Ali Ziyab
Tobacco Induced Diseases
Kawthar Shehab, Ali Ziyab
Tobacco Induced Diseases
7.
Üçüncü El Sigara Dumanına Yönelik İnançlar Ölçeğinin Türkçe Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması
Nurbanu ODACI, Yeter KİTİŞ
Hacettepe Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Dergisi
Nurbanu ODACI, Yeter KİTİŞ
Hacettepe Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Dergisi
8.
Parental Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice on Tobacco Use, Smoking Cessation, and Children's Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure
Siyu Dai, Chun Au, Michael Chan, Richard Kam, Albert Li, Kate Chan
Frontiers in Public Health
Siyu Dai, Chun Au, Michael Chan, Richard Kam, Albert Li, Kate Chan
Frontiers in Public Health
9.
Thirdhand smoke composition and consequences: A narrative review
Jesline James, Gis George, Meera Cherian, Nazia Rasheed
Public Health and Toxicology
Jesline James, Gis George, Meera Cherian, Nazia Rasheed
Public Health and Toxicology
11.
The beliefs of medical faculty students about thirdhand
smoke
İbrahim Çoşğun, Şule Çilekar, Aydın Balcı, Beyza Köymen, Sena Moral, Batıkan Nur, Berkay Yetim
Tobacco Induced Diseases
İbrahim Çoşğun, Şule Çilekar, Aydın Balcı, Beyza Köymen, Sena Moral, Batıkan Nur, Berkay Yetim
Tobacco Induced Diseases
12.
Evaluation of the Opinions of the Parents with Disabled and Healthy Children about Third Hand Smoke
Serkan KÖKSOY, Belkıs CAN
Bağımlılık Dergisi
Serkan KÖKSOY, Belkıs CAN
Bağımlılık Dergisi
13.
Thirdhand Smoke Knowledge, Beliefs and Behaviors among Parents and Families: A Systematic Review
Valentina Vanzi, Flavio Marti, Maria Cattaruzza
Healthcare
Valentina Vanzi, Flavio Marti, Maria Cattaruzza
Healthcare
14.
Thirdhand smoke beliefs, exposure status and associated
factors among young people in China: A cross-sectional study
Qinyi Guan, Jianrong Mai, Kaisheng Teng, Zhihong Liu, Lina Lin, Ling Zhou, Tingfen Huang, Xiaoyu Tan, Xinying Sun
Tobacco Induced Diseases
Qinyi Guan, Jianrong Mai, Kaisheng Teng, Zhihong Liu, Lina Lin, Ling Zhou, Tingfen Huang, Xiaoyu Tan, Xinying Sun
Tobacco Induced Diseases
15.
EVALUATION OF THIRD HAND CIGARETTE SMOKE EXPOSURE AND AWARENESS IN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
Emine AKBAL, Egemen ÜNAL, Mehmet GÖKLER, Salih MOLLAHALİLOĞLU
Acibadem Universitesi Saglik Bilimleri Dergisi
Emine AKBAL, Egemen ÜNAL, Mehmet GÖKLER, Salih MOLLAHALİLOĞLU
Acibadem Universitesi Saglik Bilimleri Dergisi
16.
Turkish Pediatrician Beliefs About Third-hand Smoking
Fatma Sargin, Ebru Buldu
Journal of Pediatric Health Care
Fatma Sargin, Ebru Buldu
Journal of Pediatric Health Care
17.
Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Üçüncü El Sigara Dumanı Farkındalıkları ve Sigaraya Yönelik Algıları: Kesitsel Çalışma
Vahide SEMERCİ, Ebru GÖKDERE
Halk Sağlığı Hemşireliği Dergisi
Vahide SEMERCİ, Ebru GÖKDERE
Halk Sağlığı Hemşireliği Dergisi
18.
The Invisible Danger: Third-hand Smoke and Families’ Knowledge Levels
Gülfer Akça, Ünal Akça
Turkish Journal of Pediatric Disease
Gülfer Akça, Ünal Akça
Turkish Journal of Pediatric Disease
19.
Psychometric Evaluation of Iranian Version of Beliefs about Third-Hand Smoke Scale (BATHS-T) in Pregnant Women
Mahsa Khodayarian, Nooshin Youshani, Sara Jambarsang, Zahra Pourmovahed, Zohreh Karimian Kakolaki
Mahsa Khodayarian, Nooshin Youshani, Sara Jambarsang, Zahra Pourmovahed, Zohreh Karimian Kakolaki
20.
Determination of pregnant women’s exposure to thirdhand smoke, beliefs and affecting factors: a cross-sectional study from Turkey
Sibel Peksoy-Kaya, Gonca Karataş Baran, Kadriye Kiziltepe
Early Child Development and Care
Sibel Peksoy-Kaya, Gonca Karataş Baran, Kadriye Kiziltepe
Early Child Development and Care
21.
Tobacco in hotels: A study of smoke exposure and resident risk
Terri Lewinson, Abhirupa Dasgupta, James M. Murphey, W. Moraa Onsando, Justice Nagovich
Tobacco Use Insights
Terri Lewinson, Abhirupa Dasgupta, James M. Murphey, W. Moraa Onsando, Justice Nagovich
Tobacco Use Insights
22.
Third-hand Smoking Beliefs in Patients with Cancer
Remziye Can, Elif Saraç, Esra Yıldız, Şerif Kurtuluş
Thoracic Research and Practice
Remziye Can, Elif Saraç, Esra Yıldız, Şerif Kurtuluş
Thoracic Research and Practice
23.
Awareness of third-hand smoke: A cross-sectional study among medical students at Qassim University
Eman Abdullah Alotaibi, Mohammed Khalid Alrasheed, Ibrahim Helal Almutairi, Khaled Mounir Almoutairi, Abdulrahman Abdullah Aladdad, Abdulaziz Abdulmohsen Alharbi, Sufyan Ahmad Albaibi, Abdulaziz Hamad Alsadun, Muffarah Hamid Alharthi
Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care
Eman Abdullah Alotaibi, Mohammed Khalid Alrasheed, Ibrahim Helal Almutairi, Khaled Mounir Almoutairi, Abdulrahman Abdullah Aladdad, Abdulaziz Abdulmohsen Alharbi, Sufyan Ahmad Albaibi, Abdulaziz Hamad Alsadun, Muffarah Hamid Alharthi
Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care
24.
Predictors of Beliefs About Thirdhand Tobacco Smoke Among Adult Individuals
Handan Terzi, Ebru Sönmez Sarı
Online Türk Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi
Handan Terzi, Ebru Sönmez Sarı
Online Türk Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi
Share
RELATED ARTICLE
| eISSN: | 1617-9625 |
We process personal data collected when visiting the website. The function of obtaining information about users and their behavior is carried out by voluntarily entered information in forms and saving cookies in end devices. Data, including cookies, are used to provide services, improve the user experience and to analyze the traffic in accordance with the Privacy policy. Data are also collected and processed by Google Analytics tool (more).
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
